Solid medical waste: a cross sectional study of household disposal practices and reported harm in Southern Ghana
Identifieur interne : 000019 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 000018; suivant : 000020Solid medical waste: a cross sectional study of household disposal practices and reported harm in Southern Ghana
Auteurs : Emilia Asuquo Udofia [Ghana] ; Gabriel Gulis [Danemark] ; Julius Fobil [Ghana]Source :
- BMC Public Health [ 1471-2458 ] ; 2017.
Abstract
Solid medical waste (SMW) in households is perceived to pose minimal risks to the public compared to SMW generated from healthcare facilities. While waste from healthcare facilities is subject to recommended safety measures to minimize risks to human health and the environment, similar waste in households is often untreated and co-mingled with household waste which ends up in landfills and open dumps in many African countries. In Ghana, the management of this potentially hazardous waste stream at household and community level has not been widely reported. The objective of this study was to investigate household disposal practices and harm resulting from SMW generated in households and the community.
A cross-sectional questionnaire survey of 600 households was undertaken in Ga South Municipal Assembly in Accra, Ghana from mid-April to June, 2014. Factors investigated included socio-demographic characteristics, medication related practices, the belief that one is at risk of diseases associated with SMW, SMW disposal practices and reported harm associated with SMW at home and in the community.
Eighty percent and 89% of respondents discarded unwanted medicines and sharps in household refuse bins respectively. A corresponding 23% and 35% of respondents discarded these items without a container. Harm from SMW in the household and in the community was reported by 5% and 3% of respondents respectively. Persons who believed they were at risk of diseases associated with SMW were nearly three times more likely to report harm in the household (OR 2.75, 95%CI 1.15–6.54).
The belief that one can be harmed by diseases associated with SMW influenced reporting rates in the study area. Disposal practices suggest the presence of unwanted medicines and sharps in the household waste stream conferring on it hazardous properties. Given the low rates of harm reported, elimination of preventable harm might justify community intervention.
Url:
DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4366-9
PubMed: 28521776
PubMed Central: 5437398
Affiliations:
Links toward previous steps (curation, corpus...)
- to stream Pmc, to step Corpus: 000133
- to stream Pmc, to step Curation: 000132
- to stream Pmc, to step Checkpoint: 000007
- to stream Ncbi, to step Merge: 000B28
- to stream Ncbi, to step Curation: 000B28
- to stream Ncbi, to step Checkpoint: 000B28
- to stream Main, to step Merge: 000019
- to stream Main, to step Curation: 000019
Le document en format XML
<record><TEI><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title xml:lang="en">Solid medical waste: a cross sectional study of household disposal practices and reported harm in Southern Ghana</title><author><name sortKey="Udofia, Emilia Asuquo" sort="Udofia, Emilia Asuquo" uniqKey="Udofia E" first="Emilia Asuquo" last="Udofia">Emilia Asuquo Udofia</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1937 1485</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.8652.9</institution-id><institution>Department of Biological, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences,</institution><institution>School of Public Health, University of Ghana,</institution></institution-wrap>Legon, Ghana</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Ghana</country><wicri:regionArea>Legon</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1937 1485</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.8652.9</institution-id><institution>Department of Community Health,</institution><institution>School of Public Health, University of Ghana,</institution></institution-wrap>Legon, Ghana</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Ghana</country><wicri:regionArea>Legon</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gulis, Gabriel" sort="Gulis, Gabriel" uniqKey="Gulis G" first="Gabriel" last="Gulis">Gabriel Gulis</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff3"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 0728 0170</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.10825.3e</institution-id><institution>Unit for Health Promotion Research,</institution><institution>University of Southern Denmark,</institution></institution-wrap>Esbjerg, Denmark</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country><wicri:regionArea>Esbjerg</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fobil, Julius" sort="Fobil, Julius" uniqKey="Fobil J" first="Julius" last="Fobil">Julius Fobil</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1937 1485</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.8652.9</institution-id><institution>Department of Biological, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences,</institution><institution>School of Public Health, University of Ghana,</institution></institution-wrap>Legon, Ghana</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Ghana</country><wicri:regionArea>Legon</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">28521776</idno><idno type="pmc">5437398</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5437398</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:5437398</idno><idno type="doi">10.1186/s12889-017-4366-9</idno><date when="2017">2017</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000133</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PMC">000133</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000132</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Curation">000132</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000007</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Pmc" wicri:step="Checkpoint">000007</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">000B28</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Curation">000B28</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Checkpoint">000B28</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Merge">000019</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Curation">000019</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Exploration">000019</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Solid medical waste: a cross sectional study of household disposal practices and reported harm in Southern Ghana</title><author><name sortKey="Udofia, Emilia Asuquo" sort="Udofia, Emilia Asuquo" uniqKey="Udofia E" first="Emilia Asuquo" last="Udofia">Emilia Asuquo Udofia</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1937 1485</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.8652.9</institution-id><institution>Department of Biological, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences,</institution><institution>School of Public Health, University of Ghana,</institution></institution-wrap>Legon, Ghana</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Ghana</country><wicri:regionArea>Legon</wicri:regionArea></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1937 1485</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.8652.9</institution-id><institution>Department of Community Health,</institution><institution>School of Public Health, University of Ghana,</institution></institution-wrap>Legon, Ghana</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Ghana</country><wicri:regionArea>Legon</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gulis, Gabriel" sort="Gulis, Gabriel" uniqKey="Gulis G" first="Gabriel" last="Gulis">Gabriel Gulis</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff3"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0001 0728 0170</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.10825.3e</institution-id><institution>Unit for Health Promotion Research,</institution><institution>University of Southern Denmark,</institution></institution-wrap>Esbjerg, Denmark</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Danemark</country><wicri:regionArea>Esbjerg</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Fobil, Julius" sort="Fobil, Julius" uniqKey="Fobil J" first="Julius" last="Fobil">Julius Fobil</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1"><institution-wrap><institution-id institution-id-type="ISNI">0000 0004 1937 1485</institution-id><institution-id institution-id-type="GRID">grid.8652.9</institution-id><institution>Department of Biological, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences,</institution><institution>School of Public Health, University of Ghana,</institution></institution-wrap>Legon, Ghana</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Ghana</country><wicri:regionArea>Legon</wicri:regionArea></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">BMC Public Health</title><idno type="eISSN">1471-2458</idno><imprint><date when="2017">2017</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p>Solid medical waste (SMW) in households is perceived to pose minimal risks to the public compared to SMW generated from healthcare facilities. While waste from healthcare facilities is subject to recommended safety measures to minimize risks to human health and the environment, similar waste in households is often untreated and co-mingled with household waste which ends up in landfills and open dumps in many African countries. In Ghana, the management of this potentially hazardous waste stream at household and community level has not been widely reported. The objective of this study was to investigate household disposal practices and harm resulting from SMW generated in households and the community.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>A cross-sectional questionnaire survey of 600 households was undertaken in Ga South Municipal Assembly in Accra, Ghana from mid-April to June, 2014. Factors investigated included socio-demographic characteristics, medication related practices, the belief that one is at risk of diseases associated with SMW, SMW disposal practices and reported harm associated with SMW at home and in the community.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Eighty percent and 89% of respondents discarded unwanted medicines and sharps in household refuse bins respectively. A corresponding 23% and 35% of respondents discarded these items without a container. Harm from SMW in the household and in the community was reported by 5% and 3% of respondents respectively. Persons who believed they were at risk of diseases associated with SMW were nearly three times more likely to report harm in the household (OR 2.75, 95%CI 1.15–6.54).</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>The belief that one can be harmed by diseases associated with SMW influenced reporting rates in the study area. Disposal practices suggest the presence of unwanted medicines and sharps in the household waste stream conferring on it hazardous properties. Given the low rates of harm reported, elimination of preventable harm might justify community intervention.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Hossain, Ms" uniqKey="Hossain M">MS Hossain</name></author><author><name sortKey="Santhanam, A" uniqKey="Santhanam A">A Santhanam</name></author><author><name sortKey="Norulaini, Nn" uniqKey="Norulaini N">NN Norulaini</name></author><author><name sortKey="Omar, Am" uniqKey="Omar A">AM Omar</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Subratty, Ah" uniqKey="Subratty A">AH Subratty</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hassed Nathire, Me" uniqKey="Hassed Nathire M">ME Hassed Nathire</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rutala, Wa" uniqKey="Rutala W">WA Rutala</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mayhall, Cg" uniqKey="Mayhall C">CG Mayhall</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Gold, K" uniqKey="Gold K">K Gold</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chinbuah, Ma" uniqKey="Chinbuah M">MA Chinbuah</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kager, Pa" uniqKey="Kager P">PA Kager</name></author><author><name sortKey="Abbey, M" uniqKey="Abbey M">M Abbey</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gyapong, M" uniqKey="Gyapong M">M Gyapong</name></author><author><name sortKey="Awini, E" uniqKey="Awini E">E Awini</name></author><author><name sortKey="Nonvignon, J" uniqKey="Nonvignon J">J Nonvignon</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Majumdar, A" uniqKey="Majumdar A">A Majumdar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sahoo, J" uniqKey="Sahoo J">J Sahoo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Roy, G" uniqKey="Roy G">G Roy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kamalanathan, S" uniqKey="Kamalanathan S">S Kamalanathan</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Oyewole, A" uniqKey="Oyewole A">A Oyewole</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sapp, J" uniqKey="Sapp J">J Sapp</name></author><author><name sortKey="Wilson, B" uniqKey="Wilson B">B Wilson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Oyewole, O" uniqKey="Oyewole O">O Oyewole</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Miyazaki, M" uniqKey="Miyazaki M">M Miyazaki</name></author><author><name sortKey="Imatoh, T" uniqKey="Imatoh T">T Imatoh</name></author><author><name sortKey="Une, H" uniqKey="Une H">H Une</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Glassmeyer, St" uniqKey="Glassmeyer S">ST Glassmeyer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Hinchey, Ek" uniqKey="Hinchey E">EK Hinchey</name></author><author><name sortKey="Boehme, Se" uniqKey="Boehme S">SE Boehme</name></author><author><name sortKey="Daughton, Cg" uniqKey="Daughton C">CG Daughton</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ruhoy, Is" uniqKey="Ruhoy I">IS Ruhoy</name></author><author><name sortKey="Conerly, O" uniqKey="Conerly O">O Conerly</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Koshy, S" uniqKey="Koshy S">S Koshy</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Sasu, S" uniqKey="Sasu S">S Sasu</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kummerer, K" uniqKey="Kummerer K">K Kümmerer</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kranert, M" uniqKey="Kranert M">M Kranert</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kang The, Sm" uniqKey="Kang The S">SM Kang’ethe</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Osowiki, J" uniqKey="Osowiki J">J Osowiki</name></author><author><name sortKey="Curtis, N" uniqKey="Curtis N">N Curtis</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Garcia Agar, O" uniqKey="Garcia Agar O">O Garcia-Agar</name></author><author><name sortKey="Vall, O" uniqKey="Vall O">O Vall</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Butsashvili, M" uniqKey="Butsashvili M">M Butsashvili</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kamkamidze, G" uniqKey="Kamkamidze G">G Kamkamidze</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kajaia, M" uniqKey="Kajaia M">M Kajaia</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kandelaki, G" uniqKey="Kandelaki G">G Kandelaki</name></author><author><name sortKey="Zhorzholadze, N" uniqKey="Zhorzholadze N">N Zhorzholadze</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Res, S" uniqKey="Res S">S Res</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bowden, Fj" uniqKey="Bowden F">FJ Bowden</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Alvim Ferraz, Mcm" uniqKey="Alvim Ferraz M">MCM Alvim Ferraz</name></author><author><name sortKey="Afonso, Sav" uniqKey="Afonso S">SAV Afonso</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ephraim, Pi" uniqKey="Ephraim P">PI Ephraim</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ita, A" uniqKey="Ita A">A Ita</name></author><author><name sortKey="Eusebius, Io" uniqKey="Eusebius I">IO Eusebius</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Abor, Pa" uniqKey="Abor P">PA Abor</name></author><author><name sortKey="Bouwer, A" uniqKey="Bouwer A">A Bouwer</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Mesdaghinia, A" uniqKey="Mesdaghinia A">A Mesdaghinia</name></author><author><name sortKey="Naddafi, K" uniqKey="Naddafi K">K Naddafi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Mahvi, Ah" uniqKey="Mahvi A">AH Mahvi</name></author><author><name sortKey="Saeedi, R" uniqKey="Saeedi R">R Saeedi</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Dohoo, I" uniqKey="Dohoo I">I Dohoo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Martin, W" uniqKey="Martin W">W Martin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Stryhn, H" uniqKey="Stryhn H">H Stryhn</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Haiduven, D" uniqKey="Haiduven D">D Haiduven</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ferrol, S" uniqKey="Ferrol S">S Ferrol</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Olowokure, B" uniqKey="Olowokure B">B Olowokure</name></author><author><name sortKey="Duggal, H" uniqKey="Duggal H">H Duggal</name></author><author><name sortKey="Armitage, L" uniqKey="Armitage L">L Armitage</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Longe, E" uniqKey="Longe E">E Longe</name></author><author><name sortKey="Williams, A" uniqKey="Williams A">A Williams</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tong, Ayc" uniqKey="Tong A">AYC Tong</name></author><author><name sortKey="Peake, Bm" uniqKey="Peake B">BM Peake</name></author><author><name sortKey="Braund, R" uniqKey="Braund R">R Braund</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Slack, R" uniqKey="Slack R">R Slack</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gronow, J" uniqKey="Gronow J">J Gronow</name></author><author><name sortKey="Voulvoulis, N" uniqKey="Voulvoulis N">N Voulvoulis</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Auta, A" uniqKey="Auta A">A Auta</name></author><author><name sortKey="Omale, S" uniqKey="Omale S">S Omale</name></author><author><name sortKey="Shalkur, D" uniqKey="Shalkur D">D Shalkur</name></author><author><name sortKey="Abiodun, Ah" uniqKey="Abiodun A">AH Abiodun</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chen, G" uniqKey="Chen G">G Chen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Den Braver, Mw" uniqKey="Den Braver M">MW den Braver</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Gestel, Ca" uniqKey="Van Gestel C">CA van Gestel</name></author><author><name sortKey="Van Straalen, Nm" uniqKey="Van Straalen N">NM van Straalen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Roelofs, D" uniqKey="Roelofs D">D Roelofs</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Kimani, D" uniqKey="Kimani D">D Kimani</name></author><author><name sortKey="Kamau, R" uniqKey="Kamau R">R Kamau</name></author><author><name sortKey="Ssempijja, V" uniqKey="Ssempijja V">V Ssempijja</name></author><author><name sortKey="Robinson, K" uniqKey="Robinson K">K Robinson</name></author><author><name sortKey="Oluoch, T" uniqKey="Oluoch T">T Oluoch</name></author><author><name sortKey="Njeru, M" uniqKey="Njeru M">M Njeru</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Jason, J" uniqKey="Jason J">J Jason</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Chalupka, Sm" uniqKey="Chalupka S">SM Chalupka</name></author><author><name sortKey="Markkanen, P" uniqKey="Markkanen P">P Markkanen</name></author><author><name sortKey="Galligan, C" uniqKey="Galligan C">C Galligan</name></author><author><name sortKey="Quinn, M" uniqKey="Quinn M">M Quinn</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Rogowska Szadkowska, D" uniqKey="Rogowska Szadkowska D">D Rogowska-Szadkowska</name></author><author><name sortKey="Chlabicz, S" uniqKey="Chlabicz S">S Chlabicz</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Valavanidis, A" uniqKey="Valavanidis A">A Valavanidis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Iliopoulos, N" uniqKey="Iliopoulos N">N Iliopoulos</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gotsis, G" uniqKey="Gotsis G">G Gotsis</name></author><author><name sortKey="Fiotakis, K" uniqKey="Fiotakis K">K Fiotakis</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><affiliations><list><country><li>Danemark</li><li>Ghana</li></country></list><tree><country name="Ghana"><noRegion><name sortKey="Udofia, Emilia Asuquo" sort="Udofia, Emilia Asuquo" uniqKey="Udofia E" first="Emilia Asuquo" last="Udofia">Emilia Asuquo Udofia</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Fobil, Julius" sort="Fobil, Julius" uniqKey="Fobil J" first="Julius" last="Fobil">Julius Fobil</name><name sortKey="Udofia, Emilia Asuquo" sort="Udofia, Emilia Asuquo" uniqKey="Udofia E" first="Emilia Asuquo" last="Udofia">Emilia Asuquo Udofia</name></country><country name="Danemark"><noRegion><name sortKey="Gulis, Gabriel" sort="Gulis, Gabriel" uniqKey="Gulis G" first="Gabriel" last="Gulis">Gabriel Gulis</name></noRegion></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
EXPLOR_STEP=$WICRI_ROOT/Wicri/Sante/explor/SidaGhanaV1/Data/Main/Exploration
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_STEP/biblio.hfd -nk 000019 | SxmlIndent | more
Ou
HfdSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Main/Exploration/biblio.hfd -nk 000019 | SxmlIndent | more
Pour mettre un lien sur cette page dans le réseau Wicri
{{Explor lien
|wiki= Wicri/Sante
|area= SidaGhanaV1
|flux= Main
|étape= Exploration
|type= RBID
|clé= PMC:5437398
|texte= Solid medical waste: a cross sectional study of household disposal practices and reported harm in Southern Ghana
}}
Pour générer des pages wiki
HfdIndexSelect -h $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Main/Exploration/RBID.i -Sk "pubmed:28521776" \
| HfdSelect -Kh $EXPLOR_AREA/Data/Main/Exploration/biblio.hfd \
| NlmPubMed2Wicri -a SidaGhanaV1
| This area was generated with Dilib version V0.6.31. |  |